羟基取代烷基苯磺酸盐界面扩张粘弹性质

研究了2-羟基-3,5-二癸基苯磺酸钠(C10C10OHphSO3Na)表面和正癸烷-水界面上的扩张粘弹性质, 考察了平衡时间对界面性质的影响. 研究结果表明, 羟基取代烷基苯磺酸钠具有十分特异的界面性质, 其扩张模量比一般表面活性剂大一个数量级, 达到平衡的时间较长, 形成的界面膜弹性较大. 界面张力弛豫测定结果表明, 平衡时界面上存在特征时间长达103 s的慢过程. 上述实验结果可能是由于羟基间形成氢键造成的.     

破乳剂对油水界面膜作用机理研究

研究了破乳剂存在下油膜寿命、油膜薄化速率以及油水界面性质与破乳效果的关系.结果表明,破乳剂使油水界面弹性降低,导致油水界面强度减弱,界面膜寿命变短,界面膜厚度变薄.当膜厚度变薄到一临界值时,膜破裂,导致破乳脱水.同种破乳剂,随着其浓度的增加,界面弹性降低.当浓度超过某一值时,界面弹性值基本不变.不同种破乳剂,界面弹性降低幅度越大,其破乳效果越好.界面弹性值可以很好解释破乳剂的脱水率变化规律.     

A Home-made Simple Set-up for Measurement of Electrochemical Surface Tension Spectrum on a Mercury Drop Electrode

A setup for recording surface tension curves at a mercury drop during potential scanning is designed based on photo-sensitive detection system. Surface tension spectrum at Hg drop can be recorded by voltammetric study. A Yb(III)-NO2- catalytic reduction system was used for characterization. The simple, sensitive technique can be expected to provide fresh information on molecular interactions at electrode surfaces.     

Interactions between gelatin and sodium dodecyl sulphate: binding isotherm and solution properties

The interaction between sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and gelatin was studied at pH 4.5 and 6.5 where the gelatin is positively charged (i.e.p. 8). At pH 4.5 a SDS/gelatin concentration range was found where gelatin precipitates. At pH 6.5 the SDS-gelatin complex remains soluble although three SDS concentration domains were distinguished where the SDS-gelatin complex had very different affinities for the solvent. Below C₁ the complex was highly surface active but other measurements (viscosity, potentiometry, protons uptake) did not reveal any particular consequence of binding. Between C₁ and C₂ the molecular size decreased (viscosity lowering) upon charge neutralization and collapse about small SDS aggregates (17 SDS molecules per gelatin molecule). Above C₂ a cooperative binding mechanism lead to the formation of SDS aggregates; the complex stretched out and turned strongly hydrophilic (the viscosity increases, low surface activity). At saturation one gelatin molecule bound about 200 SDS molecules. Above the overlap concentration (about 3 wt%) SDS aggregates formed between several gelatin molecules, the viscosity increased continuously with SDS concentration and the binding ratio was lower than in dilute gelatin solutions. A very good correspondence was found between the different analytical data including turbidity, viscosity, surface tension, protons uptake and direct potentiometric SDS binding measurements.     

Some theoretical aspects on morphology development in seeded composite latexes. I. Batch conditions below monomer saturation

In seeded emulsion polymerization, during the second stage, new interfaces appear and the surface area changes. A thermodynamic equilibrium approach is presented which predicts particle morphology of a whole range of non-spherical particles upon polymer conversion. Simulation takes into account swelling ratio, molar volumes and interfacial tension. As the particle geometry is complex, a new mathematical procedure is detailed.The computed data are useful to discuss either the stability or the instability of the particles morphology. These results must be compared with actual experimental structures.Abreviations and symbols G Gibbs' free energy - reduced Gibbs' free energy - _i interfacial tension - ₁₂ interfacial tension between polymer 1 and polymer 2 - _1w interfacial tension between polymer 1 and water - _2w interfacial tension between polymer 2 and water - r ₁ polymer 1 swollen by monomer 2 sphere radius - r ₂ polymer 2 swollen by monomer 2 sphere radius - r _i interfacial radius - h ₁ sphere 1 distance to minimal section - h ₂ sphere 2 distance to minimal section - h _i interfacial sphere distance to minimal section - sign ofh _i, positive when the interface sphere is on the side of the sphere 2, negative when the interface sphere is on the side of the sphere 1 - A ₁₂ surface between polymer 1 and polymer 2 - A _1w surface between polymer 1 and water - A _1w ⁰ surface between polymer 1 and water before polymerization - A _2w surface between polymer 2 and water - v ₁ volume of the polymer 1 swollen by monomer 2 - v _i volume of the polymer 1 swollen by monomer 2 before polymerization - v ₂ volume of the polymer 2 swollen by monomer 2 - V _p1 polymer 1 molar volume - V _p2 polymer 2 molar volume - V _m2 monomer 2 molar volume - n _p2 polymer 2 number of mole - n _p1 polymer 1 number of moles - n _m21 monomer 2 number of mole in the swollen polymer 1 - n _m22 monomer 2 number of mole in the swollen polymer 2 - n _m2 monomer 2 total number of mole - n _m2 monomer 2 number of mole before polymerization - TGn ₁ polymer 1 swelling rate - TGn ₂ polymer 2 swelling rate - TGn _i maximum number of mole of monomer 2 in polymeri by mole of polymeri - x polymer 2 conversion rate - K, p, q mathematical variables - D, r, a mathematical variables     

Microphase separation of PEG-modified urethane acrylate and the swelling behavior of its gels

The viscosity of PEG-modified urethane acrylate (PMUA) showed peculiar behavior in the course of soap-free emulsification. Moreover, the viscosity change with added amounts of water was influenced by the reaction molar ratio of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The rate of increase in viscosity slowed and the ratio of increase in viscosity increased as the reaction molar ratio of PEG increased. This peculiar viscosity behavior was due to the microphase separation between hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments of PMUA, and the orientation of polyoxyethylene groups at O/W interface which influenced droplet size of the soap-free PMUA emulsion. The location of polyoxyethylene groups of this resin at O/W interface was confirmed using the adsorption isotherm measurement of PMUA molecules containing polyoxyethylene groups at water/benzene interface. The microphase separation behavior of PMUA between hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments could apply to the preparation of the PMUA gels containing peculiar structure. PMUA gels were prepared using dioxane (UAG) and the swelling behavior of these gels were compared to that of gels prepared using water (UAHG) in the same medium. In the same medium, the swelling behavior of UAHG gels differed from that of UAG gels because of the difference in the microstructure of gel due to the microphase separation between hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments. This phase separation in the course of gelation in water could be confirmed using contact angle measurement.     

Effect of electrolytes on the surface behavior of rhamnolipids R1 and R2

The surface behavior of solutions of the rhamnolipids, R1 and R2, were investigated in the absence and presence of an electrolyte (NaCl) through surface tension measurements and optical microscopy at pH 6.8. The NaCl concentrations studied are 0.05, 0.5 and 1 M. Electrolytes directly affect the carboxylate groups of the rhamnolipids. The solution/air interface has a net negative charge due to the dissociated carboxylate ions at pH 6.8 with strong repulsive electrostatic forces between the rhamnolipid molecules. This negative charge is shielded by the Na⁺ ions in the electrical double layer in the presence of NaCl, causing the formation of a close-packed monolayer, and a decrease in CMC, and surface tension values. The maximum compaction is observed at 0.5 M NaCl concentrations for R1 and R2 monolayers, with the R1 monolayer more compact than R2. The larger spaces left below the hydrophobic tails of R1 with respect to that of R2, due to the missing second rhamnosyl groups are thought to be responsible for the higher compaction. The rigidity of both R1 and R2 monolayers increases with the electrolyte concentration. The rigidity of the R1 monolayer is greater than that of R2 at all NaCl concentrations due to the lower hydrophilic character of R1. The variation of CMC values as a function of NaCl concentration obtained from the surface tension measurements and critical packing parameter (CPP) calculations show that spherical micelles, bilayer and rod like micelles are formed in the rhamnolipid solutions as a function of the NaCl concentration. The results of optical microscopy supported these aggregation states indicating lamellar nematic liquid crystal, cubic lamellar and hexagonal liquid crystal phases in R1 and R2 solutions depending on the NaCl concentration.     

光敏型季铵盐类阳离子表面活性剂的合成及表面活性和泡沫性质

本文报道了一种光敏型的阳离子表面活性剂（AZO），其分子结构中含有偶氮苯基团，并研究了光照对表面活性和泡沫性能的影响。经紫外光照射后，表面活性剂的饱和吸附量（Г_max）减小，临界胶束浓度（cmc）、最低表面张力（γ_cmc）和分子极限占有面积（A_min）增大；气泡数目增多，直径变小，发泡能力和泡沫稳定性降低。实验结果证实，该表面活性剂的表面活性和泡沫稳定性可以用光照进行调控。     

Interfacial tension and fluorine evolution on a carbon anode

During electrolysis of molten KF-2HF, strongly adherent fluorine bubbles are generated at the surface of carbon anode. The current was passing even if the horizontal anode was fully covered with gas film. The formation and growth of gas bubbles were studied by transient electrochemical techniques. It was observed that the fluorine bubbles do not have the spherical cap shape predicted by the classical theory. The curvature radius of the interface profile is not constant, the edge of the bubble being flat with a contact angle close to zero. The results are interpreted in the frame of a model which takes into account the predominant role of the interfacial properties.     

Determination of the surface tension of surfactant solutions applying the method of Lecomte du Noüy (ring tensiometer)

Summary Starting from a comparative assessment of the outstanding works on the ring method (du Noüy) for the determination of the surface tension of liquids and its solutions it is shown that the application of this method to surfactant solutions can lead to substantial errors if one follows conventional conditions. These errors are mainly connected with so far unknown phenomena occurring during the raising of the ring and concerning the influence of the hydrophilic vessel wall above the solution level and the stretching of the solution surface. This is demonstrated quantitatively with surfactant solutions of different kind and concentration. These effects can be explained theoretically very simply by introducing certain assumptions on the behaviour of a surfactant adsorption layer on the inner vessel wall. Conditions leading to the elimination of these errors are given, thus enabling the application of the ring method to the determination of the surface tension of surfactant solutions.With 10 figures and 3 tables